We often hear people saying that trading or investing in options is very risky. Yes, it is certainly no mean feat to trade or invest, using options as your investment vehicle. But is it really that risky in the first place? If trading or investing in options is really risky, then why are there so many individual traders or investors who make money from it? The only possible explanation is that those people had spent a lot of time and effort to study, understand and learn all they can about options in addition to the basic technical knowledge of how the market functions. They would have learnt how to increase their probabilities in making a profit and also reduce their risk to the minimum.

So what actually are stock option greeks? Why is it important to understand how they can affect the profitability of your trade or investment? Stock option greeks are actually sensitivities of the stock option to risks characteristics. These risks are actually factors that affects the pricing of the option. By learning how the stock option greeks relate to risk characteristics in addition to other basic technical analysis skills such as identifying the market trend, knowing when to and not to trade or invest according to timing ( Eg. Not to trade during lunch hours ), interpreting technical indicators correctly, have a risk and money management system to assist in making decisions when trading or investing ( This helps to eliminate and not involve your emotions that affect your trading decisions ) …etc We are able to have certain control over our risk exposures to leverage, time decay, volatility and interest rate risks. Each option risk characteristics, is represented by a greek word and they affect the option pricing differently. It is important to know whether you are purchasing a stock option at a under or over priced value as this can be another factor that will affect profitability of your trade or investment. You do not want to be in a disadvantage position at all times when trading or investing as the majority of the factors are against you and you have absolutely no control over them. ( Eg. Interest rates )

Mastering each risk characteristics will certainly help to reduce risk tremendously when trading or investing in stock options, what’s more, there are lots of stock option strategies that can be utilized once you understand the mechanics of the stock option greeks and make them work for your trade or investment.



By: Ben Ang

About the Author:

A lot of traders now favor option stock trading because of its many advantages. For one it can be highly profitable if used rightly, it offers the investor more flexibility and a larger option to diversify. This trading system offers more protection to the portfolio gives more control to the investor and offers a higher possibility to generate more returns on investment. They can be used under any market condition. They offer the investor the advantage of making returns on a change in stock price without actually owning the stock. Options stock trading can be used in combination with other option contracts and/or other financial tools to maximize returns.

Furthermore, a lot of trading is done on the floor of the stock exchange; one of such is referred to as stock option trade. Sometimes the trading could just be more of speculative activity. Speculative activity trading is done on stock exchanges through stock options trading. The term option in stock parlance means “a right”. There exists the right to sell as well as the right to buy. In a deal involving an option, the right to buy or sell a certain amount of securities, within a particular period at a given price can be bought off a dealer. If the purchased right was an option to buy securities it would be called a “call option”. If the right was the option to sell, it is called a “put option”. Instances where the two possible options are combined, to buy or sell a certain quantity of securities at a particular price up to a given future date, it is then referred to as “a double option”, or “a put and call option”

Speculative activity or stock option trade is carried out for anticipated profit. Here is how it works. If a speculator expects the price to go up, he buys a call option. This allows him in future when the price has arisen to buy at the old lesser price and sell at the higher prevailing price. When the reverse happens and a drop in price is anticipated he buys the put option.

When a speculator notices that his predicted or expected rise or fall in price did not occur he can chose not to exercise his right or stock trade option that he had purchased. The party that grants or sells the stock option trade to the speculator is paid a premium for granting it.

This premium is also called the option money. This is the fee that is earned by the trader who grants the speculator the stock option trade. When the speculator desires not to exercise his option he loses the option money or premium. But his loss is restricted to the option money alone. Stock option trade is useful for speculators who want to protect their capital and yet seize advantage of fluctuations in prices. He has the choice to decide whether to exercise his option or not.



By: Wincent Loh

About the Author:

Nowadays, it is certainly hard to go to a book shop and not come across numerous books on stock market trading for the newbie or even to go on the net and not come across a couple brochures about some restricted advice to make it BIG in this activity. All of them contend and swear to you some speedy and leisurely ways to instruct you how to make riches in stock market trading. However, it is just impossible! If you want to acquire the techniques and the way of the stock market, knowledge is the only professor. Because the more experienced you get, the more you learn. There is a few basic tips about how to invest in the stock market.

The first thing that must be done is to locate the trend. This is the most urgent lesson of the stock market trading. If you want to sink your money in the stock market, the first thing you need to do is to take in and apprehend the trend of the market. Peers are forever outperformed in all of the bear and bull markets because all the markets have some losing and winning stocks.

Before you invest in the market, you need to get a feel for the timing to buy or sell stock.

Timimg means the whole ball of wax in stock market trading. Timing repeatedly decides the gap between profit and loss and determines whether your account climbs up or down. If your timing is proficient and is appropriate according to the market, you can even turn a trivial sum to massive profits.

Also, it is a good idea to consider trading stock options. Giving the owner the rights without the obligation to purchase or sell the security for fixed price before or on a certain date, the trading stock options are trading contracts which requires experience to deal with. In trading stock options although the pricing is very complicated, however it mainly depends on the price of the actual underlying stock and the duration left on the trading stock option. Hence, it is very important for you to check out the trading stock options before you decide to invest in stock trading companies.

In order to be successful in trading, a person must identify the stock they are researching. Before investing, you even need to understand and examine the stocks properly. Analyzing stocks includes analyzing company’s fundamental and price figures. Apart from dividing the stocks into almost eleven different sectors depending on the companies business types, investors and analysts classify two of these sectors as defensive and the rest as cyclical. Defensive includes consumer staples and utilities as they usually remain quiet during market downturn providing portfolio stability and falling stock market protection, as expenditure of food and energy never diminishes. Cyclical stocks are the stock belonging to the group of sectors identified with a wide range and variety of increase and fall with each sector varying differently as per market influences.



By: Charles Cox

About the Author:

It is a well known fact that serious investors seeking long term growth of capital have as their main objectives the two most basic goals in investing:

• to find an investment vehicle that would effectively preserve capital and minimize risk in the face of a fluctuating and constantly flexing economy

• the investment vehicle must provide better than decent yields in all economic conditions to promote constant growth of capital value.

With the stock market as the premiere choice due to its historical record of outperforming all other investments over time, people are increasingly turning to the stock market as their main investment vehicle for future capital growth. It is here where much higher rates of return can be made with a relatively small increase in risk to capital.

With thousands of books, manuals, internet sites, seminars and courses offering investment strategies and trading systems in the stock market and its derivatives, there are few, if any, that deliver the ideal investment vehicle sought by the long term investor in search of safety and high returns. Not only is there a near total absence of an ideal investment system but there are many that promise eye popping, mind boggling returns and, they are exactly that; mere promises.

Most of the trading systems offered are structured on strategies or activities that work when conditions are ideally suited to the program being peddled. Most of their successes are highly dependent on picking the right stocks at the right time. In other words you must be a good stock picker or use a stock picking service (for a high monthly fee) to select the right ones for you. Market timing is also an important factor in their systems. Again, you must be a good market timer or depend on a service that provides market timing signals (also for a high monthly fee). These supposedly high yield investment programs don’t say anything about how bad things can be when conditions go against their predictions. These programs do exactly as promised: great when the going is good but disastrous when the going is bad. Without doubt many have been taken by these so-called services and while an investor/trader may be successful for a while, the end result over a long period of time is always the same - no better than if you had done the selections yourself.

While there is no one investment system or vehicle that can be an answer-all to the various goals of various investors, there are some investment alternatives that can come close to satisfying the two basic needs of safety and decent returns. Diversified mutual funds have been touted as the answer to these basic needs. But over the years these funds have shown that during downturns in the economy they perform just as badly as the whole investment market in general. And, over the long term, many of these diversified funds have failed to even match market performance in general, much less outperform it.

Enter market derivatives with emphasis options.

Trading in stock options has become very popular with institutional investors as well as private individuals as a sound money management system supplementing their investment portfolios. The ability of stock options to give the investor a wide range of choices is what has made the options market grow considerably over the last two decades. To quote one options expert: “Stock options are the greatest wealth producing tool ever invented on this planet. . . . if you know how to use them”.

The key element of this statement is: . . . if you know how to use them.

For many people the mere mention of stock options, sends shivers up their spine. They look at options as synonymous with great risk. But isn’t driving a car very dangerous for one who doesn’t know how to drive? The ability of stock options to give the investor a wide range of choices in stock market investments is what has made the options market grow by leaps and bounds over the last twenty years. Statistics compiled by the Options Industry Council, a group that educates investors about options, show that volume in options trading has risen tremendously in recent years. Further, studies show that individual investors make up 60% of the market.

For the individual who has sufficient funds and is looking for more than a decent return on his capital and with controllable risk, stock options may be the answer.

There are dozens of option trading systems being employed by individual investors and institutions. Each system is designed to accomplish a specific investment goal. A financial institution may use long put options to hedge its winnings in stocks that have appreciated in value. Another investor may buy call options instead of stocks to enter a position in a security that has caught his fancy. Still another may sell calls against his stock holdings to generate income from his stock position, or what is popularly known as covered call writing.

Of the dozens of option trading systems there is one that can be carried out as a long term investment program offering a fair degree of safety and consistent high returns over time, thus satisfying the investor’s two basic needs of safety and return.

This is the selling of uncovered or naked options.

But wait! Is it not said that selling naked options carries the risk of unlimited losses? Isn’t this a contradiction?

Indeed selling naked options when done carelessly and without a disciplined strategic program is extremely risky!

But by using a carefully planned and disciplined system of trading, the so-called “unlimited risk” factor in selling options can easily be conquered. There is a three-pronged trading strategy being used by one successful options trader that is proving to be a consistent winner in all market conditions. It is a trading technique that couples naked option selling with a modified ratio credit spread and the use of the roll over feature. While naked option selling has acquired a bad rap of being highly risky, this three-pronged trading strategy allows the trader to defeat the risk. Not only is the system able to substantially reduce the risk, it also offers one the ability to become a savvy investor/trader without having to depend on picking the right stocks or timing the market.

It involves utilizing the system in any market condition using only one or a few stocks, ETFs or indexes (the latter two are more effective). One need not worry about finding the right stocks or timing the trades. The fact remains that stocks behave, more often than not, in crazy and irrational ways so that one can almost say that consistently choosing winning stocks is as good as a random walk down Wall Street. Rather than be proactive and try to predict and time the market, as many try to do, this three-pronged investment system is reactive. The prescribed trades are done in reaction to how the market has moved, not in anticipation of its future behavior.

This three-pronged trading system does not promise quick profits or mind boggling yields but steady annual returns in excess of 30%. Many are averaging returns of 50% to 60%. It would be prudent to say that in times of deep downturns the system may not deliver the promised returns but it will hold its own and will definitely outperform the market.

One options trader that has mastered this three-pronged trading technique has decided to share his knowledge of the system by writing an e-book on its methodology. Borrowing from that quote about options being a great wealth producing tool he has aptly titled his work: STOCK OPTIONS: THE GREATEST WEALTH BUILDING TOOL EVER INVENTED. In it he details the step by step methodology of this trading technique and gives an exhaustive series of sample trades covering several months of transactions. It shows the effectiveness of the system in an up market, down market and horizontal market using only one ETF stock. To this day the writer continues to use only one or two ETFs in all his options trades and he includes a web page that shows his current and actual trading results month by month on an ongoing frequency.



By: Daniel Mollat

About the Author:

In options trading, there are some basic lessons that are the backbone of many other successful options trading strategies. How to engage in spread trading in options trading to enhance potential gains is one of these lessons.

Spread trading is a foundational tool that you should have in your options trading toolkit. It will allow you freedom and flexibility for enhanced profit and will give you defense against potential loss while reducing your overall risk. Now, let us look at this fundamental of options trading, the spread trade.

We have demonstrated how well options function in unison with a stock position. They enhance potential gains, provide profit protection and limit the risk of the entire investment. They enable us to manage risk in a single stock as well as an entire portfolio. But, as good as options are in conjunction with stocks, they can be even better when traded against each other.

Spreads are strategies that do not involve the use of any security other than another option. Their positives are that they are inexpensive, offer protection for both buyer and seller and are in effect automatically hedged trades.

Spreads can provide large percentage returns with low risk and can be entered into with small capital outlay. A spread involves the purchase of one option in conjunction with the sale of another option. There are many types of spreads. Some take advantage of stock movements while others are set up to take advantage of movements in implied volatility and even time decay. There are calendar or time spreads, diagonal spreads, ratio spreads and also vertical spreads, which we will discuss in depth here.

Spreads are more advanced and sophisticated than the strategies discussed in our beginner product ‘OPTIONS 101.’ Where certain spreads, like 1 to 1 vertical spreads, can be less risky than a buy-write, there are more variables to consider and control which makes trading the spread more complicated.

When you trade a spread you are dealing with three elements: the spread as a whole (which you can buy or sell) and its component parts - the option you buy and the option you sell.

Although the cost of most spreads is relatively inexpensive to initiate, they can provide a large percentage return and there is protection (limits) to both sides of the trade. Therefore, even experienced investors can profit from learning about spreads and their investment potential.



By: Ron Ianieri

About the Author:

Let’s put together what we’ve been talking about, develop an imaginary spread scenario and set it in real life events.

In October, let’s say that you begin to hear about IJK stock. It looks interesting, so you then use a variety of sources to learn about IJK: news, charts, outside analysts, internet research etc. From your investigations you decide that this stock is poised for a strong upward move and you’d like to take advantage of it.

However, each share is $50.00 and you question whether you want to put out the capital for enough shares to make the trade worthwhile.

Now is the time to investigate IJK spreads. Since you are bullish on the stock, you investigate the bullish plays of the call spreads and the put spreads. You check the pricing of both since you are aware that implied volatility and time decay will affect both your purchase price and your selling price if you decide to sell out the spread before expiration.

Let’s say that you set the spread’s maximum potential gain at $10.00 using our formula. Then you decide you want to buy a call spread, so you buy 10 IJK Nov. 50 calls and sell 10 IJK Nov 60 calls. The spread is called Nov. 50-60. The spread’s cost is $3.50, which means you pay $3500 for the trade, inexpensive when you consider that to purchase 1000 shares of IJK stock would have cost you $50,000! Now, you wait and follow the stock price of IJK. If you hold the position to expiration, you face the following losses or gains.

First, if the stock does not move up as you expected and stays at $50 or decreases in value, your spread is worthless and you lose the $3500 that you paid for the spread. Second, if the stock begins to move up, you first recoup your investment and then move into profits. After the stock has moved up $3.50 you are at the breakeven point. Every money advance after that represents profit.

The chart below represents the spread’s losses and gains and your total profit

This chart is based on stock prices at expiration Friday in November. Until then the spread’s value fluctuates between $0 and its maximum (the difference between strike prices) of $10.00

At any time until expiration, you can sell out of the spread but what you receive for the price may be influenced by implied volatility and time decay and that will change your profit or loss. If you hold the spread until expiration and your bullish lean proves true, your maximum profit on your $3500 investment is $6500.

You paid $3500 for the spread and received $10,000 at expiration with the stock at $60.00. That represents a $6500 profit which is a 186% return.

If you had invested $50,000 for 1000 shares of IJK and at expiration sold the stock for $60,000, your profit is $10,000 for a 20% return.

For many investors the reward/risk scenario of the spread is attractive because investors can limit the capital at risk and the time of risk/reward exposure. The spread also offers protection if your lean is bullish or bearish. Finally, the spread has the potential of a large percentage return on investment.



By: Ron Ianieri

About the Author:

To be able to calculate the volatility of the spread, we must equalize the volatilities of the individual options.

First, let’s move the June calls by moving June’s implied volatility down from 40 to 36, a decrease of four volatility ticks. Four volatility ticks multiplied by a vega of .05 per tick gives us a value of $.20. Next we subtract $.20 from the June 70 option’s present value of $2.00 and we get a value of $1.80 at 36 volatility. Now the two options are valued at an equal volatility basis.

Looking at this first adjustment where we moved the June 70’s volatility down to 36 from 40, we have a value of $1.80 at 36 volatility. The August 40 call has a value of $3.00 at 36 volatility. So the spread will be worth $1.20 at 36 volatility.

If you wanted to move the August 70 calls instead, you would take the August 70 call vega of .08 and multiply it by the four tick implied volatility difference.

This gives you a value of $.32 that must be added to the August 70 call’s present value in order to bring it up to an equal volatility (40) with the June 70 call. Adding the $.32 to the August 70 call will give it a $3.32 value at the new volatility level of 40 which is the same volatility level as the June 40 calls.

Now, our spread is worth $1.32 at 40 volatility. August 70 calls at $3.32 minus the June 70 calls at $2.00 gives the price of the spread at 40 volatility.

It does not make any difference which option you move. The point is to establish the same volatility level for both options. Then you are ready to compare apples to apples and options to options for an accurate spread value and volatility level.

Since we now have an equal base volatility, we can calculate the spread’s vega by taking the difference between the two individual option’s vegas. In the example above, the spread’s vega is .03 (.08 - .05). The vega of the spread is calculated by finding the difference between the vega’s of the two individual options because in the time spread, you will be long one option and short the other option.

As volatility moves one tick, you will gain the vega value of one of the options while simultaneously losing the vega value of the other. Thus the spread’s vega must be equal to the difference between the two options vega’s. So, our spread is worth $1.20 at 36 volatility with a .03 vega or $1.32 at 40 volatility with a .03 vega.

Going back to our original spread value of $1.00 with a vega of .03, we can now calculate the volatility of that spread.

We know the spread is worth $1.20 at 36 volatility with a vega of .03. So, we can assume that the spread trading at $1.00 must be trading at a volatility lower than 36.

To find out how much lower we first take the difference between the two spread values which is $.20 ($1.20 at 36 volatility minus $1.00 at ? volatility). Then we divide the $.20 by the spread’s vega of .03 and we get 6.667 volatility ticks. We then subtract 6.667 volatility ticks from 36 volatility and we get 29.33 volatility for the spread trading at $1.00.

We can also determine the volatility of the spread as the spread’s price changes. Let’s fix the spread price at $1.30. To calculate this, we must first take the value of the spread ($1.20 at 36 volatility) and find the dollar difference between it and the new price of the spread ($1.30). The difference is $.10. This dollar difference must now be divided by the vega of the spread. The $.10 difference divided by the .03 vega gives you a value of 3.33 volatility ticks. Then add the 3.33 ticks to the 36 volatility and you get 39.33 as the volatility for the spread trading at $1.30.

Let’s double-check our work by calculating the volatility the other way.

This time we will do the calculation by moving the August 70 calls up to the equal base volatility of the June 70 calls. As calculated earlier, the August 70 calls will have a value of $3.32 at 40 volatility.

The June 70 calls are worth $2.00 at 40 volatility. Thus the spread is worth $1.32 at 40 volatility.

Now let’s again move the spread price to $1.30, $.02 lower than the value of the spread at 40 volatility. As before, we take the difference in the prices of the spread. The result is $.02 ($1.32 - $1.30). Then, divide $.02 by our spread’s vega of .03 (remember that the vega of the spread is equal to the difference between the vega of the two individual options). $.02 divided by .03 gives us a value of .67. That .67 must be subtracted from our base volatility of 40. That gives us a 39.33 (40 - .67) volatility for the spread trading at $1.30. This volatility matches our previous calculation perfectly.

At first glance, you might be wondering why we went through all of these calculations. With the June 70 calls at 40 volatility, price $2.00, vega .05 and the August 70 calls at 36 volatility, price $3.00, vega .08 why not just take an average of the volatility? This would give us a 38 volatility for the spread with a price of $1.00 when in actuality $1.00 in the spread represents a 29.33 volatility.

This would be almost a nine tick difference which represents a whopping 30% mistake! Because, as stated earlier, vega is not linear; you can not weigh each month evenly and just take an average of the two months. For argument’s sake suppose you did. Let’s say you found the difference of the vegas of the options and came up with a spread vega of .03 which is correct. However, when you try to calculate the spread’s volatility and price you would have difficulty.

Now, recalculate the spread with the trading price of $1.30, or $.30 higher than your value at 38 volatility. Divide that $.30 higher difference by the spread’s vega of .03. You get a 10 tick volatility increase. Add that increase to the base 38 volatility. That would mean you feel the spread is trading at 48 volatility instead of a 39.33 volatility! This type of mistake could be very, very costly. Remember, apples to apples, oranges to oranges. It doesn’t matter which option’s volatility of the spread you move as long as you get both options to an equal base volatility.



By: Ron Ianieri

About the Author:

There are lots and lots of FOREX currency trading platform online these days and it is hard to choose the best from all these trading platforms. The most important criteria you need to know when choosing these trading platforms are the competitive spreads. The more competitive spread these platforms have the better. So what are spread? A spread is the difference between ask and bid price. The smaller the difference, the spread is more competitive. Competitive spread usually ranged around 3 to 5 pips.

The second most important criteria you need to know is the transparency of the FOREX currency trading platform. Sometimes they might charge you extra and you might not even know it. They are not trying to cheat you. Sometimes there are just errors and I’m sure you don’t want to lose money and pay extra just because of all these errors.

If you’re a beginner at trading FOREX, look for a trading platform that give away free EBook that teaches you ways to trade FOREX. Don’t look for a trading system that only teaches you how to use their software. Make sure this EBook shows you everything you need to know to start trading FOREX. Also make sure that it provides a professional study of the most popular techniques implemented today by FOREX traders worldwide. Other than that it should contain useful and valuable background, including technical methods, trading tips, FOREX glossary, chart reading, and financial indicators used in Fundamental Analysis.

Don’t use a FOREX currency trading platform that has complicated software. I’m sure your time is valuable and you will not want to waste few hours of your time to master how to use the software. Some software is easy to use and the functions are as powerful as the complicated ones. Be sure that you choose the right FOREX currency trading platform or you’ll lose both your time and money substantially. Take at least few days to determine which trading system has the best offer.



By: Han Ming

About the Author:

An investor must always keep in mind that vertical spreads have an intrinsic value. This means it is possible to consider them ‘in the money.’ If a vertical spread has an intrinsic value, it can also have an extrinsic value. Unlike maximum intrinsic values that equal the difference between the strikes at expiration, maximum extrinsic value deviates from spread to spread based on several factors.

During a vertical spread’s life, its price will fluctuate between zero and the value of the difference between the two strikes. An investor can determine the price of the spread, at any given time, by the location of the stock and the time until expiration.

At expiration, what remains for the two options is the intrinsic value of each. Therefore, the value of the spread is the difference between each option’s intrinsic values at expiration.

Because vertical spreads have an intrinsic value, the term ‘moneyness’ applies to them. Moneyness refers to whether or not and by how much an option, or a vertical spread, may be in the money or out of the money. This is a term used mostly by floor traders, but is still worth noting here.

Vertical Call Spread and Vertical Put Spread Value

Spreads with intrinsic value are considered in the money. How can you identify the value of a vertical call spread or a vertical put spread? Compare the stock price to the strike prices.

Look at any vertical call spread. If the stock price is above the lower strike of the spread, the spread is in the money. In the Feb. 50 - 55-call spread, if the stock is trading at $52.00, then the spread would be in the money by $2. This is because if the spread expired today, the Feb. 50 calls would finish $2.00 in the money. The Feb. 55 calls would finish worthless because they are out of the money. The spread, however, would be in the money with a value of $2.00.

The rule is similar for determining whether or not a spread is out of the money. If the stock price is lower than the lower strike of the spread, the spread is out of the money. Again, looking at the Feb. 50 - 55 call spread, if the spread expired today and the stock price closed at $48.00, (lower than the lower strike) then the spread would be out of the money, thus the spread will be out of the money. If the stock is trading at the same price as the lower strike price, the spread is considered at the money.

For vertical put spreads, a spread is determined to be in the money if the stock price is lower than the higher of the two strikes of the spread. For example, look at the Sept. 40 - 45 put spread. If the stock closes at $42.00 on expiration day, the Feb. 45 put would end up in the money and worth $3.00. The Feb 40 puts would be out of the money creating a $3.00 intrinsic value for the spread. Since the spread has an intrinsic value, it is in the money.

A vertical put spread is out of the money if the stock price is higher than the higher strike of the spread. So, going back to our Sept. 40 - 45 put spread example, if the stock was to close at a price of $46.00 (higher than the higher strike) then both the Sept. 40 and 45 put will expire worthless. Thus the spread will be worthless and out of the money.

A vertical put spread is considered at-the-money when the stock price is equal to the higher strike price.



By: Ron Ianieri

About the Author:

Written on 15th February 2008 (see below for further updates)

I thought I’d provide an example of a Bull Call Spread (BCS) using the Commonwealth Bank as an example. There is a lot of volatility in the market at the moment. If you have studied my course then you will know that high volatility is a great advantage for the Option Seller – a decrease in implied volatility means a decrease in the Option premium – but let’s get back to this example!

Since making a high around $62.00 in November 2007 CBA has spent the last few months falling to its current price of $47.00. Can it go lower? Is this the bottom? I have no idea! Instead of buying the stock and watching it plummet even lower let’s look at a strategy where we know EXACTLY what our MAXIMUM risk and MAXIMIM profit is – a Bull Call Spread.

When you BUY a CALL Option your view is that the underlying Stock will rise. So with CBA closing last night (14th Feb) at $47.05 you might to decide to BUY a CALL Option with a Strike price of $48.00 that expires on the 27th March 2008. The quoted price for this option is $1.69. If you bought 2 contracts it would cost you 2,000 @ $1.69 = $3,380 (plus brokerage). In 10 days time if the stock price increased by 4% to $48.93 the Option price would be somewhere around $2.15. You could then Sell the CALL Option and profit $920 or around 27%.

To reduce the cost of Buying the CALL Option you can SELL a CALL Option at a higher strike price. Building on the above example you would SELL 2 March CALL Options at a strike price of $51.00 and receive a premium of $0.71 which means you receive 2,000 @ $0.71 = $1,420. So your total cost would be the price that you paid for the contracts that you bought ($3,380) less the money that you received for the Options you sold ($1,420). Total Cost $1,960.

The advantage is that you are reducing the cost of entering the trade. The disadvantage is that you are limiting your profit to the upside if CBA trades above $51.00. I like the Bull Call Spread trade because you know your maximum profit and maximum loss before you enter the trade. The best way to view this is via a picture (listed on the next page).

Please note that this trade is purely for educational purposes only. I’ll send an update of this trade in a week or two to see how it would be progressing. If you have any questions you are more than welcome to send me an email glenn@optiontrader.com.au.

Cheers

Glenn Dove

www.optiontrader.com.au

Update written on 22nd February 2008

It’s always worth reviewing your trades especially when you trade Options. One week ago I provided an example of a Bull Call Spread Option strategy on CBA shares. At the time of the Option trade CBA was trading @ $47.05 and we had entered a long position.

How would we be going on the 22nd February with the price of CBA trading at $42.40?

The trade has not gone in the direction that we wanted but there’s a lot we can learn from this type of strategy. The Bull Call Spread (BCS) that we entered entitled us to Buy 2,000 CBA shares @ 48.00 and to sell 2,000 CBA shares at a maximum price of $51.00 anytime before 27th March. The total cost of the BCS position was $1,960.

So what’s so good about that?

• We are in control of $96,000 of CBA shares (2,000 @ $48.00) and it only cost us $1,960 to enter the trade. This works out to around 2% of the total trade value.

• We are limited to a maximum loss of the premium that we paid $1,960. If we had of bought 2,000 CBA shares at the market price (on 15/2) we would have paid $94,100. With the current price of CBA at $42.40 we would be sitting on a paper loss of $9,300.

So as you can see even though the trade has not gone in the direction that we wanted the BCS has provided great leverage while limiting our loss potential to only 2% of the trade value. Also remember that we still have until 27th March for this trade to work. You could also decide to close the position if you thought that the CBA had no chance of getting back above $49.00 by the 27th March which would leave you with a loss of $1,297.

It’s also worth mentioning some of the disadvantages even though I believe the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages:

• If there are any dividends payable during the Option period we are not entitled to them (as we don’t really own any shares)

• We have a limited time (until the Option expiry date) for the trade to become profitable. Once the contracts expire they become worthless.

• Our profit potential is limited due to the fact that we SOLD Option contracts to reduce the cost of the Options that we bought.

If you have any questions send me an email: glenn@optiontrader.com.au

Cheers

Glenn Dove

www.optiontrader.com.au



By: Glenn Dove

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